Types of WasteWater Treatment Ponds

Based upon the range of biological reactions occurring in pounds there are three types of ponds. Aerobic (high-rate) pond in which there is no significant anaerobic or sludge zone. Anaerobic ponds, in which the contribution of any possible aerobic surface layer is small. Oxidation ponds (so called facultative or aerobic anaerobic pond in which have the whole range of reaction

Types of Chains and Tapes in Civil Survey

Following are the various types of chain in common use: Metric chains Steel band or Band chain Gunter's chain or surveyors chain Engineers chain Revenue chain Metric chains are made in lengths 20m and 30m. Tallies are fixed at every five-meter length and brass rings are provided at every meter length except where tallies are attached. Length = 66’ (22 yards), No of links = 100

Types of Precipitation Formation Processes

Although moisture is always present in the atmosphere but it is condensed only when air is cooled and saturated with some water vapors. Usually mechanism by which air is cooled to cause precipitation is the lifting of air mass. Based on lifting of air carrying vapors, precipitation is classified as follows: Cyclonic precipitation Convective precipitation Orographic precipitation

Turbine - Definition and Types of Turbines

It is a device which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy or hydraulic energy into electrical energy. Turbines can also be termed as machines extracting energy from fluids. Water driven tubes are used primarily for the development of hydro-electric energy. There can be two basic types of hydraulic turbines. In impulse turbines a free jet of water strikes the

Types of Bridges - Bridge Types Arch, Girder, Cable, Truss, Rigid Frame

Below is the list of 5 main types of bridges: Girder bridges Arch bridges Cable-stayed bridges Rigid Frame Bridges Truss bridges. It is the most common and most basic bridge type. In its simplest form, a log across a creek is an example of a girder bridge; the two most common girders are I-beam girders and box-girders

Soil Settlement Types, Calculations & Analysis - Settlement Limits

A soil shear failure can result in excessive building distortion and even collapse. Excessive settlements can result in structural damage to a building frame nuisances such as sticking doors and windows, cracks in tile and plaster, and excessive wear or

Surge Tanks, Function and Types of Surge Tanks

Surge tank (or surge chamber) is a device introduced within a hydropower water conveyance system having a rather long pressure conduit to absorb the excess pressure rise in case of a sudden valve closure. The surge tank is located between the almost horizontal or slightly inclined conduit and steeply sloping penstock and is designed as a chamber excavated in the mountain.

Types of Survey and Classification of Surveying

Surveying is indispensable to a number of human endeavor, which use surveying principles and practice to their required areas of application. The types of surveying and application are identified and explained below: 1. ALTA / ACSM survey 2. Archaeological survey 3. Agricultural development survey 4. As-built survey 5. Bathymetric survey 6. Construction survey

Comparison of Modes of Transportation

i) Route Flexibility: Can we take any route any time ( Not possible in case of railways) ii) Time flexibility: Can the vehicle move or stop any time ( for Railways, time scheduling is done to maintain certain distance between two trains moving on the same track in same direction) iii) Vehicle Flexibility: Whether various types of vehicles can be used on the facility or not. In case

Evolution of System of Transportation

“THE BRANCH OF ENGINEERING THAT FINDS WAYS TOWARDS SAFE, EFFICIENT, AND CONVENIENT MOVEMENT OF PERSONS AND GOODS USING LAND,AIR AND WATER”. Transport planning deals with planning transportation facilities which will be able to meet the present and future needs in a sustainable manner. It includes: Trip generation, Trip distribution, Mode

Selection of a Suitable Site and Type of Cross Drainage Work

At the site, the drainage should cross the canal alignment at right angles. Such a site provides good flow conditions and also the cost of the structure is usually a minimum. The stream at the site should be stable and should have stable banks. For economical design and construction of foundations, a firm and strong sub-stratum should exit below the bed of the drainage at a

Stereoscopy - Stereoscope and Types of Stereoscope

It is defined as observing the object in SD, a process requiring a person to have normal binocular vision. A person with vision in only one eye can not see stereoscopically. If figure two eyes are separated y a distance ‘b’ called eye base or intraocular distance (65mm or 2.6//). Combined image of a and as seen left and eyes appear to fuse at ‘M’ while images of b and

Definition and Types of Structures and Structural Members

Truss (Pin connected joints): A type of structure formed by members in triangular form, the resulting figure is called a truss. In truss joints are pin connected and loads are applied at joints. No shear force & bending moment are produced. Only axial compression and axial tension is to be determined while analyzing a truss. Structural Members: Those members that are

Types of Failures in Steel Structures

Shearing Failure of Bolts Bearing Failure of plate Tearing failure at edge of plate

Spillway - Definition, Types of Spillways and Classification

There are different types of spillways that can be provided depending on the suitability of site and other parameters. Generally a spillway consists of a control structure, a conveyance channel and a terminal structure, but the former two may be combined in the same for certain types. The more common types are briefly described below: Drop, Ogee, Siphon Chute,