What are GeoTextiles & GeoSynthetics?

In only a very few years, geosynthetics (geotextiles, geogrids, and geomembranes) have joined the list of traditional civil engineering construction materials. Often the use of a geosynthetic can significantly increase the safety factor, improve performance, and reduce costs in comparison with conventional construction alternatives. In the case of embankments on extremely

What is Disinfection and Methods of Disinfection of Water

In the water treatment processes, pathogens & other organisms can be partly physically eliminated through coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, & filtration, in addition to the natural die-off. After filtration, to ensure pathogen free water, the chemical addition of chlorine (so called chlorination), rightly or wrongly, is most widely used for disinfection of drinking water

Water Hammer - Definition, Causes and Factors Affecting Water Hammering

If water is flowing through a channel and it is stopped abruptly i.e its momentum is broken so a pressure surge or wave results, this effect produced is called water hammer or hammer blow. This effect can be produced in any fluid. When a flow is stopped backwater effect is produced in which a wave of water moves against the flowing water. It is caused by a pressure or a

Definition, Objectives and Importance of ITS

Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) apply information and communication technologies to transport. Computers, electronics, satellites and sensors are playing an increasingly important role in our transport systems. ITS as such are instruments that can be used for different purposes under different conditions. ITS can be applied in every transport mode (road, rail,

Hydropower Projects Planning and Implementation

Hydropower (from hydro, meaning water) is energy that comes from the force of moving water. The fall and movement of water is part of a continuous natural cycle called the “water cycle”. Energy from the sun evaporates water in the Earth’s oceans and rivers and draws it upward as water vapor. When the water vapor reaches the cooler air in the atmosphere, it condenses

Index Properties of Soil

The soil properties on which their classification and identification are based are known as index properties. The index properties which are used are: Grain Size Distribution Consistency Limits Plasticity Index The sieves are arranged, keeping the finest below and the coarser above it. A definite quantity of soil is dried in an electric oven (for 24 hrs at 105°C) and put in the top sieve.

Why Study Soil Mechanics in Civil Engg?

Soil is a natural agglomerate used as a construction as well as supporting material and is composed of particles of broken rocks which keep on changing in their texture, structure, consistency, color, chemical,Soil is a natural agglomerate used as a construction as well as supporting material and is composed of particles of broken rocks which keep on changing in their

Surveying Dictionary Words Definitions Starting from H, I, J, K, L

The makeup or relative proportion of the General cover categories occurring about a point (see Primary sample unit).... The arrangement of the nine General cover categories occurring about a point (see Primary sample unit). .... A subcategory of Cropland managed for the production of forage crops that are machine harvested. The crop may be grasses, legumes, or

Purposes and Functions of Foundations

The low artificially built part of a structure which transmits the load of the structure to the ground is called foundation. OR A foundation (also called a ground sill) is a structure that transfers loads to the earth. Foundation of a structure is always constructed below the ground level so as to increase the lateral stability of the structure. It includes the portion

Mass Concrete For Dams - Applications and Problems

Mass concrete can be defined as any large volume of cast-in-place concrete with dimensions large enough to require measures to cope with the generation of heat and attendant volume change to minimize cracking. Like regular concrete, mass concrete too is primarily composed of cement, aggregate, and water. Additionally, it has pozzolans and other admixtures to

Preparation and Properties of Lime Concrete

A concrete made from a mixture of lime, sand, and gravel is said to be as lime concrete. It was widely used before the lime was replaced by Portland cement. Since long, Lime has been used to make things like plaster and mortar. Lime is usually made by burning of limestone.Chemically; lime itself is calcium oxide (CaO) and is made by roasting calcite

Gross Pressure Intensity

It is the total pressure at the base of the footing due to the weight of the superstructure and earth fill, if any.Net pressure intensity. It is the total pressure at the base of the footing due to weight of the super structure. It is the increase in pressure at foundation level, being the total weight less than the weight of the soil permanently removed. Before removal of site, stress at

D - Glossary of Engineering Levelling & Surveying

A representation of facts, concepts or instructions in a formalized manner suitable for communication, interpretation or processing.... The encoding of data. In the context of digital mapping, this includes digitizing, direct recording by electronic survey instruments and the encoding of text and attributes by whatever means.... A specification that defines the order in

Flexible Pavement Definition and Explanation

Flexible pavement is composed of a bituminous material surface course and underlying base and subbase courses. The bituminous material is more often asphalt whose viscous nature allows significant plastic deformation. Most asphalt surfaces are built on a gravel base, although some 'full depth' asphalt surfaces are built directly on the subgrade. Depending on the temperature

Definitions in Waste Water Treatment

It is the measure of the settleability and compatibility of sludge and is made from a laboratory column setting test. The sludge volume index is defined as ‘the volume in mm occupied by 1 gm of sludge after it has settled for a specified period of time’ generally ranging from 20 min to 1 or 2 hr in a 1 – or 2-l cylinder.