Factors Affecting Design of a Barrage
Factors affecting the Design of Barrage are as follows: Estimation of Design Flood Hydraulic Units Width of Barrage Afflux Tail Water Rating Curve Crest Levels Discharges through a Barrage (Free Flow Conditions) Discharge through a Barrage (Submerged Flow Conditions) Fane's Curve Gibson's Curve
Factors Affecting Structure Shape and Capacity of Culverts
Ideally, the axis of a culvert should coincide with that of the natural stream bed and the structure should be straight and short. This may require modification of the culvert alignment and grade. Often it is more practical to construct the culvert at right angles to the roadway. However, the
Methods of Improving and Factors Affecting Duty of Water
If the soil of the canal bed is porous and coarse grained, it leads to more seepage loss and consequently low duty. If it consists of alluvial soil, the percolation loss will be less and the soil retains the moisture for longer period and consequently the duty will be high.... When the
Selection of Site for Cross Drainage Works
The factors which affect the selection of suitable type of cross drainage works are: 1. Relative bed levels and water levels of canal and drainage. 2. Size of the canal and drainage. 3. When the bed level of the canal is much above the HFL of the drainage, an aqueduct is the obvious choice. 4. When the bed level of the drain is well above FSL of canal, super passage is provided
Factors Affecting Location and Necessity of Spillways
The height of the dam is always fixed according to the maximum reservoir capacity. The normal pool level indicates the maximum capacity of the reservoir. The water is never stored in the reservoir above this level. The dam may fail by over turning so, for the safety of the dam the spillways are essential. The top of the dam is generally utilized by making road.
Parameters considered in Designing Spillways
The topography, hydrology, hydraulics, geology and economic considerations all have a bearing on these decisions. For a given inflow flood hydro graph, the maximum rise in the reservoir level depends on the discharge characteristics of the spillway crest and its size and can be obtained by flood routing. Trial with different sizes can then help in getting the optimum combination
Effect of Rock Structure and Composition on Weathering
Rock structure includes joints, beding planes, folds, fractures, and faults. Rocks containing these structures will be easily subjected to weathering. There are certain elements which are included in rock composition. Some rocks will weather quickly and some slowly e.g. acidic rocks weather more quickly than basic ones. It includes the meteorological elements effect on rocks
Weathering - Definition and Types of Weathering
It is the process of weakening rock and producing a rock waste or soil cover. Weathering occurs when rocks and minerals comes in contact with the atmosphere, organic life and suicidal water. Essential feature of weathering is that it affects rocks in-situ (in place) and no transportation of material is involved. A part of rainfall always snips into the soil on the covered rocksSelection of a Suitable Site and Type of Cross Drainage Work
At the site, the drainage should cross the canal alignment at right angles. Such a site provides good flow conditions and also the cost of the structure is usually a minimum. The stream at the site should be stable and should have stable banks. For economical design and construction of foundations, a firm and strong sub-stratum should exit below the bed of the drainage at a
Factors Affecting Strength, Hardness and Toughness of Stones
The composition of the compounds determines its hardness or softness. Stones containing Si, Na, K are poor while that containing Mg, Ca, and Fe are good, as they are harder. If the stone is composed of soft and unhardened materials it will result in a soft materials and vice versa. The amount of soft and hard material in a specific sample of stone also matters.
Selection of Stones for Building Construction
Being cheap, hard, durable and naturally good looking, stones are often used in construction but keeping in view the variable properties of stones of different types, there must be some criteria for the selection of stones for construction. The criteria is based upon the following parameters: Chemical composition of stone: Strength and hardness, Durability, Resistance
General Stability Criteria of Weirs
Stability analysis have been carried out for structures for most severe conditions of horizontal and vertical forces. Stability criteria are aimed at ensuring the overall safety of structure against overturning, flotation and sliding. The structures have been designed so that it should be safe against overturning at any horizontal plane within the structure at the base, or at a plane below
Solid Waste Disposal Landfill Site Selection
Land area and volume should be sufficient enough to provide landfill capacity so that the projected need can be fulfilled for several years. In this way the cost coming on all that procedure can be justified. The landfill site should not be at locations where suitable buffer zones between land fill site and population are not available. The landfill area having steep gradient (where
Functions of Slab and Design of Slab
A flat piece of concrete, put on the walls or columns of a structure. It serves as a walking surface but may also serve as a load bearing member, as in slab homes. Its necessary to check the slab deflection for all load cases both for short and long term basis. In general, under full service load, Deflection (d) < L/250 or 40 mm whichever is smaller. Check for lateral
