Road Construction Machinery

Definition:

LOS is a scale which defines the operating conditions on highway. It is a measure of the restrictive effects of the increased volume, level of service as proposed by manual ranges from A to F, A is ideal level and F is worst level of service.

LOS A:

Density is low enough that closeness of vehicle do not effect vehicle movement

LOS E:

No usable gap between vehicles, speed is slow,, condition can easily cross over into LOS F region.

LOS F:

Breakdown condition, number of vehicles arriving > number of vehicles leaving, speed is zero.

Elements to evaluate LOS:

• Travel speed and travel time
• Volume to capacity ration (V/C) ratio
• Density (number of vehicles per unit length on highway, D=F/S, where S is speed and F is flow in pcph)
• Delay (at intersection, signals) If V/C =1 (level E) V/C >1 level of service is low
• Peak hour factor (PHF): The ratio between flow for entire peak hr and the maximum hourly rate of the flow during 15 minute of that hour
• Service flow = SF = V / PHF = Peak hour volume / PHF

Where = Correction factor for road width

= Correction factor for heavy vehicle

= Correction factor for driver population

F HV = 1 / ( ( 1 + Pt ( Et - 1 ) + Pb ( Eb - 1 ) + PR ( ER - 1) )

Et, Eb, ER,, Passenger car equivalent for truck, bus and recreational vehicles.

Pt, Pb, PR,, Proportion of respective class vehicles N is the number of lanes in one direction. CJ is the capacity per lane (pcphpl)