• For small openings a pipes in stock size employed, with pipe arch as substitute where head room is limited.
• For openings of moderate size a pipe and box culverts complete for favor.
• For larger opening a single or multiple span box culverts are generally used. Although one or more large diameter pipe of RCC are preferred.
• Bridge culverts replace box culverts where the foundation is non-erodable and a paved floor is not necessary.
• Generally selection and type of material depends on the comparative cost, location of structure, availability of skilled labor, time limitations.
• Culvert begin upstream with head walls and terminates down stream with end walls.
• Head walls direct flow into culvert, properly while end walls provide a transition from the culvert bank to the regular channel. Both protect embankment from washing way by flood waters.

Pipe Single or Multiple

Arch

RCC, Corrugated Metal, Stone Masonry Arch